STOPES, Marie Charlotte, née Carmichael, Scottish birth-control campaigner, 1880-1958. The founder of birth-control clinics in 1921. Marie had help from her husband (Verdon-Roe) an aircraft designer (AVRO). Her work is commemorated by the Well Woman Centre in the Marie Stopes’ House in London. In 1918 her book ‘Married Love’, expounded on equality in marriage, it aroused considerable hostility. In 1923, after her clinics were underway, she wrote ‘Contraception: Its Theory, History, and Practice’, a widely used text. Originally she had been trained to be a geologist and botanist.